Lebanon: farmers dig for answers on Israel's use of white phosphorus

The last time that Lebanese farmer Zakaria Farah stepped onto his fields outside the southern town of Qlayaa was in January, but it was not to plant anything, Reuters has reported. With shelling going on in the distance, he dug his hands into the soil swiftly to gather samples that could determine his family’s farming future.

After bagging the soil, Farah, 30, sent half-a-dozen samples to a laboratory at the American University of Beirut (AUB) to be tested for residues of white phosphorus from Israeli shelling, hoping he’d learn whether he can plant his fields once hostilities end.

“I want to know what I’m feeding my son, what I’m feeding my wife, what I’m eating,” he told Reuters in June. “We’re afraid for the future of our land. What can we eat? What can we drink?”

Farah said that he fears that his fields have been poisoned by the Israeli military’s use of white phosphorus since October, when exchanges of fire erupted between Israel and Lebanese militia Hezbollah in parallel with Israel’s war against the Palestinians in Gaza. He pointed out that there are dozens of farmers in south Lebanon as worried as he is.

According to the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research, there have been 175 Israeli attacks on south Lebanon using white phosphorus since then, many of them sparking fires that have affected over 600 hectares (1,480 acres) of farmland.

White phosphorus munitions are not banned as a chemical weapon and can be used in war to make smoke screens, mark targets or burn buildings. However, because they can cause serious burns and start fires, international conventions prohibit their use against military targets located among civilians. Lebanon is a party to those international protocols, while Israel is not.

In June, Human Rights Watch said that it had verified Israel’s use of white phosphorus in at least 17 municipalities in southern Lebanon since October.

These included five Israeli attacks “where airburst munitions were unlawfully used over populated residential areas.”

In response to questions from Reuters, the Israeli military said that the “primary smoke shells” it used do not contain white phosphorus. It added that smoke shells that do include white phosphorus can be used to create smokescreens, and that it “uses only lawful means of warfare.”

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A December report on Lebanon by the UN Development Programme pointed out that white phosphorus is extremely poisonous and poses “ongoing and unpredictable hazards due to its prolonged and difficult-to-control burning, creating serious risks to human health, safety and the environment.”

The agency said that soil quality in the conflict area of southern Lebanon had been affected by the spread of heavy metals and toxic compounds, with “white phosphorus usage further reducing fertility and increasing soil acidity.”

Farah and other farmers estimate that they have already lost up to $7,000 each in potential income, as continuing bombardment has made it too risky for them to plant or harvest the usual seasons of wheat, tobacco, lentils and greens.

Oday Abou Sari, a farmer from the southern town of Dhayra, said that white phosphorus had also burned hay that he had gathered for livestock and even plastic irrigation pipes across his fields. “I have to start all over, but first, I need to know if it’s safe for planting,” he added.

To find out if the white phosphorus has left a lasting impact on their soil, farmers are digging in — literally — and sending samples to Dr Rami Zurayk, a soil chemist at AUB. Zurayk has developed a research protocol to collect and examine the samples. First, soil is gathered at various distances from the impact site, including a control sample from 500 metres away, which would not have been directly affected by the strike.

Once in his lab, the soil is sifted, mixed with acid and exposed to high heat and pressure. A solution is added to show the concentration of phosphorus, with the intensity of colour in the result matching the concentration of the phosphorus. The sample is then compared with the control, which sets the benchmark of naturally-occurring phosphorus in the soil.

“What we’re looking for is what happens to the soils and to the plants in locations that have received white phosphorus bombing,” Zurayk told Reuters. “Does the phosphorus remain? In what concentrations? Does it disappear?”

His assistant at the AUB, doctoral student Leen Dirani, told Reuters that she had thus far tested samples from four towns this way, but they need more samples to “obtain a conclusive outcome.”

Nevertheless, the steady pace of Israeli shelling of southern Lebanon — particularly agricultural fields that Hezbollah fighters are accused of using as cover — has made farmers unwilling to venture out to gather more samples. Some, like Abou Sari, have left Lebanon altogether. He is waiting out the war abroad and so for now is unable to obtain soil samples.

Others are documenting through video footage. Green Southerners, a collective of ecologists and nature lovers in Lebanon’s south, have filmed several incidents of shelling showing the tell-tale signs of white phosphorous attacks: dozens of streams of white bursting out of a munition over farmlands. The group’s chairman Hisham Younes spoke to Reuters.

The “frightening density” of the attacks, he said, amounts to ecocide: the mass destruction of a natural environment by humans, deliberately or by negligence.

Given the possible impacts on soil, water reserves and even ancient trees, “We are talking about a profound injury to the natural system. The repercussions are multiplied.”

Lebanon’s ministries of the environment and agriculture are working with the UNDP to determine the extent of those repercussions, and hope to use any documentation or lab results to back up complaints to the UN. “This is an act of ecocide, and we’ll take it to the UN Security Council,” insisted Lebanese Environment Minister Nasser Yassin.

In response to questions from Reuters, the Israeli military claimed that the accusation of ecocide is “completely baseless.”

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